This book presents an integrated examination of chemical processes in the atmisphere, focusing on
 global-scale problems and their role in the evolution of the Earth system. Taking a largely interd
 isciplinary approach, it features the collective efforts of a group of scientists at the National
 Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), as well as other experts from several universities and national laboratories. Ideal for graduate courses in atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric science
 , this book also serves as an authoritative and practical reference for scientists studying the Ea
 rth's atmosphere.

Preface x (2)
 Contributing Authors xii(3)
List of Frequently Used Symbols xv
1. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND THE EARTH SYSTEM 1 (22)
1.1 Introduction 1 (4)
1.2 The Earth System 5 (12)
Further Reading 17 (2)
Essay: Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth 19 (4)
System
Ralph J. Cicerone
 Part 1: Fundamentals 23 (186)
2. ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND TRANSPORT 23 (62)
2.1 Introduction 23 (2)
2.2 The Governing Equations 25 (7)
2.3 Constraints on Atmospheric Motion 32 (12)
2.4 Zonal Means and Eddies 44 (9)
2.5 Atmospheric Waves 53 (11)
2.6 Tropospheric Circulation and Transport 64 (9)
2.7 Stratospheric Circulation and Transport 73 (5)
2.8 Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange 78 (2)
Further Reading 80 (2)
Essay: Why Understand Dynamics -- And What 82 (3)
Is "Understanding" Anyway?
Michael E. McIntyre
3. CHEMICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 85 (32)
3.1 Introduction 85 (1)
3.2 Radiation 86 (8)
3.3 Photophysical and Photochemical 94 (1)
Processes
3.4 Chemical Reactions 95 (11)
3.5 Catalytic Cycles 106(2)
3.6 Role of Excited States 108(1)
3.7 Measurement of Rate Coefficients 109(3)
3.8 The Steady State Approximation 112(1)
3.9 Lifetimes in the Atmosphere 112(2)
Further Reading 114(1)
Essay: When Do We Know Enough about 115(2)
Atmospheric Chemistry?
Harold Schiff
4. AEROSOLS AND CLOUDS 117(42)
4.1 Introduction 117(1)
4.2 Overview of the Atmospheric Aerosol 117(9)
4.3 The Role of Clouds in Tropospheric 126(3)
Chemistry
4.4 Single-Particle Physical 129(8)
Characteristics
4.5 Gas-to-Particle Conversion 137(4)
4.6 Acid-Base Reactions of Aerosol 141(1)
Particles
4.7 Removal Processes Associated with 142(2)
Aerosols
4.8 Solubility of Gases in Droplets 144(4)
4.9 Mass Transfer Rates 148(3)
4.10 Aqueous Reactions 151(3)
Further Reading 154(1)
Essay: Aerosols and Clouds: A Postscript 155(4)
Richard P. Turco
5. TRACE GAS EXCHANGES AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL 159(50)
CYCLES
5.1 Introduction 159(2)
5.2 Surface Exchanges 161(4)
5.3 The Global Water Cycle 165(2)
5.4 The Global Carbon Cycle 167(21)
5.5 The Global Nitrogen Cycle 188(7)
5.6 The Global Sulfur Cycle 195(6)
5.7 Halogens 201(2)
Further Reading 203(1)
Essay: The View from Outside 204(5)
James Lovelock
 Part 2: Chemical Families 209(166)
6. HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS 209(26)
6.1 Importance of Atmospheric Hydrogen 209(1)
Compounds
6.2 Scope and Definitions 210(1)
6.3 Sources of Hydrogen to the Atmosphere 210(2)
6.4 Chemistry of Hydrogen Species in the 212(4)
Middle Atmosphere
6.5 Chemistry of Hydrogen Compounds in the 216(4)
Troposphere
6.6 Concentrations of Hydrogen Compounds 220(6)
in the Stratosphere
6.7 Concentrations of Hydrogen Compounds 226(5)
in the Troposphere
6.8 Summary 231(1)
Further Reading 232(1)
Essay: Hydrogen Compounds 233(2)
Dieter Ehhalt
7. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 235(56)
7.1 Importance of Atmospheric Odd Nitrogen 235(1)
7.2 Scope and Definitions 235(2)
7.3 The Role of Odd Nitrogen in the 237(11)
Stratosphere
7.4 Odd Nitrogen in the "Contemporary" 248(6)
Stratosphere
7.5 Odd Nitrogen in the Troposphere 254(22)
7.6 Experimental Summary of the Influence 276(1)
of Odd Nitrogen in the Continental Boundary
Layer
7.7 NO(3) Chemistry 277(4)
7.8 Gaseous Acid and Particulate Nitrate 281(1)
Formation
7.9 Chemistry of Organic Nitrates 282(5)
Further Reading 287(1)
Essay: Time's Arrow 288(3)
Ian Galbally
8. HALOGEN COMPOUNDS 291(34)
8.1 Introduction 291(1)
8.2 Scope and Definitions 291(1)
8.3 Sources of Halogens 292(6)
8.4 Loss Processes of Halogen Source Gases 298(3)
8.5 Inorganic Chemistry of Halogen Species 301(15)
8.6 Controlling the Detrimental Effects of 316(5)
Halogens on the Atmosphere: Future Outlook
Further Reading 321(1)
Essay: CFC(s) and Stratospheric Ozone 322(3)
Depletion
Mario Molina
9. CARBON-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS 325(24)
9.1 Introduction 325(1)
9.2 Scope and Definitions 325(1)
9.3 Atmospheric Photochemistry of 326(12)
Hydrocarbons
9.4 Distribution of Hydrocarbons 338(7)
Further Reading 345(1)
Essay: Hydrocarbons 346(3)
Hanwant Singh
10. SULFUR COMPOUNDS 349(26)
10.1 Introduction 349(1)
10.2 Scope and Definitions 350(1)
10.3 Sulfur Compounds 351(1)
10.4 Tropospheric Chemistry of Sulfur 351(10)
Compounds
10.5 Measurements of Sulfur Gas Abundances 361(6)
and Distributions
10.6 SO(2) and Acid Precipitation 367(1)
10.7 Stratospheric Sulfur Chemistry 368(2)
10.8 Gas-Phase Ionic Chemistry in the 370(1)
Stratosphere
Further Reading 370(1)
Essay: Sulfur, Aerosols, Clouds, and 371(4)
Rain
Robert J. Charlson
 Part 3: Tools 375(90)
11. OBSERVATIONAL METHODS: INSTRUMENTS AND 375(48)
PLATFORMS
11.1 Introduction 375(1)
11.2 Instrumentation for Constituent 375(24)
Measurements
11.3 Flux Measurements 399(4)
11.4 Measurements of Atmospheric Radiation 403(2)
11.5 Instrumentation for Aerosol and Cloud 405(1)
Measurements
11.6 Observing Platforms 406(13)
Further Reading 419(1)
Essay: From Individual Measurements to 420(3)
Scale Integration Strategies
Gerard Megie
12. MODELING 423(42)
12.1 Introduction 423(1)
12.2 Model Equations 424(3)
12.3 Modeling Chemical Processes 427(6)
12.4 Modeling Atmospheric Transport 433(7)
12.5 Examples and Illustrations 440(10)
12.6 Modeling Global Budgets and 450(4)
Biogeochemical Cycles
12.7 Data Assimilation 454(4)
12.8 Inverse Modeling 458(1)
12.9 Chemical-Transport Models in the 459(1)
Future
Further Reading 460(1)
Essay: How Complex Do Models Need to Be? 461(4)
Henning Rodhe
 Part 4: Ozone, Climate, and Global Change 465(88)
13. TROPOSPHERIC OZONE 465(22)
13.1 Introduction 465(2)
13.2 Distribution and Trends 467(5)
13.3 Production and Loss of Ozone 472(12)
13.4 Major Uncertainties and Research Needs 484(1)
Further Reading 485(1)
Essay: Tropospheric Ozone 486(1)
Paul Crutzen
14. MIDDLE ATMOSPHERIC OZONE 487(28)
14.1 Introduction 487(4)
14.2 The Ozone Distribution 491(2)
14.3 Ozone Production 493(1)
14.4 Ozone Destruction 494(6)
14.5 Transport Effects 500(1)
14.6 Polar Ozone 501(5)
14.7 Ozone Perturbations 506(3)
14.8 Impact of Ozone Depletion on UV 509(2)
Radiation
Further Reading 511(2)
Essay: Ozone Depletion: From Pole to Pole 513(2)
Susan Solomon
15. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND CLIMATE 515(24)
15.1 Introduction 515(1)
15.2 Radiation in the Atmosphere 516(6)
15.3 Natural Variations: Past Climates 522(1)
15.4 Impact of Anthropogenic Trace Gases 523(5)
on Climate
15.5 Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) 528(2)
15.6 Radiative Effects of Aerosols 530(4)
15.7 Response of the Climate System to 534(2)
Radiative Forcing
Further Reading 536(1)
Essay: Can Climate Models Be Validated? 537(2)
Stephen H. Schneider
16. ATMOSPHERIC EVOLUTION AND GLOBAL 539(14)
PERSPECTIVE
16.1 Introduction 539(1)
16.2 Atmospheric Evolution on Geological 539(4)
Timescales
16.3 Human Influences on the Atmosphere 543(3)
16.4 Future Trends 546(3)
16.5 Global Perspective 549(1)
Further Reading 549(1)
Essay: The Atmospheric Humankind: Our 551(2)
Related Futures
Daniel L. Albritton
 APPENDIXES 553(44)
 Appendix A: Physical Constants and Other Data 555(3)
 Appendix B: Units, Conversion Factors, and 558(2)
 Multiplying Prefixes
 Appendix C: Atmospheric Parameters and Mixing 560(7)
 Ratios of Chemical Constituents
 Appendix D: Chemical Species in the Atmosphere 567(3)
 Appendix E: Rate Coefficients for Second-Order 570(4)
 Gas-Phase Reactions
 Appendix F: Rate Coefficients for Association 574(1)
 Gas-Phase Reactions
 Appendix G: Mass Accommodation Coefficients 575(1)
 Appendix H: Surface Reaction Probability 576(2)
 Appendix I: Atmospheric Humidity 578(2)
 Appendix J: Henry's Law Coefficients 580(1)
 Appendix K: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants 581(1)
 Appendix L: Rate Coefficients for 582(3)
 Aqueous-Phase Reactions
 Appendix M: Spectrum of Solar Extraterrestrial 585(3)
 Actinic Flux (120-730 nm)
 Appendix N: Photolysis Frequencies 588(9)
 Sample Problems 597(18)
 References 615(34)
 Index 649