The fourth edition of the work that defines the field of cognitive neuroscience, offering completely new material. Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The fourth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biologic underpinnings of complex cognition-the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. The material in this edition is entirely new, with all chapters written specifically for it. Since the publication of the third edition, the field of cognitive neuroscience has made rapid and dramatic advances; fundamental stances are changing and new ideas are emerging. This edition reflects the vibrancy of the field, with research in development and evolution that finds a dynamic growth pattern becoming specific and fixed, and research in plasticity that sees the neuronal systems always changing; exciting new empirical evidence on attention that also verifies many central tenets of longstanding theories; work that shows the boundaries of the motor system pushed further into cognition; memory research that, paradoxically, provides insight into how humans imagine future events; pioneering theoretical and methodological work in vision; new findings on how genes and experience shape the language faculty; new ideas about how the emotional brain develops and operates; and research on consciousness that ranges from a novel mechanism for how the brain generates the baseline activity necessary to sustain conscious experience to a bold theoretical attempt to make the problem of qualia more tractable.

Preface p. xv
 Development and Evolution
 Introduction p. 3
 Development of the Primate Cerebral Cortex p. 7
 Early Development of Neuronal Circuitry of the Human Prefrontal Cortex p. 29
 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Uniqueness p. 49
 Unraveling the Role of Neuronal Activity in the Formation of Eye-Specific Connections p. 67
 Brain Changes Underlying the Development of Cognitive Control and Reasoning p. 73
 Plasticity
 Introduction p. 89
 Patterning and Plasticity of Maps in the Mammalian Visual Pathway p. 91
 Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Representations in the Hippocampus p. 109
 Visual Cortical Plasticity and Perceptual Learning p. 129
 Characterizing and Modulating Neuroplasticity of the Adult Human Brain p. 141
 Exercising Your Brain: Training-Related Brain Plasticity p. 153
 Profiles of Development and Plasticity in Human Neurocognition p. 165
 Attention
 Introduction p. 185
 Attention: Theoretical and Psychological Perspectives p. 189
 Mechanisms of Selective Attention in the Human Visual System p. 205
 Evidence from Neuroimaging
 The Frontoparietal Attention Network p. 219
 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Visual Attention p. 235
 Integration of Conflict Detection and Attentional Control Mechanisms p. 251
 Combined ERP and fMRI Studies
 A Right Perisylvian Neural Network for Human Spatial Orienting p. 259
 Spatial Deficits and Selective Attention p. 269
 The Effect of Attention on the Responses of Individual Visual Neurons p. 281
 Selective Attention Through Selective Neuronal Synchronization p. 289
 Sensation and Perception
 Introduction p. 305
 Grandmother Cells, Symmetry, and Invariance p. 309
 How the Term Arose and What the Facts Suggest
 Olfaction: From Percept to Molecule p. 321
 Auditory Masking with Complex Stimuli p. 343
 Insights into Human Auditory Processing Gained from Perceptual Learning p. 353
 Auditory Object Analysis p. 367
 The Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic in Normal and Defective Color Vision p. 383
 Bayesian Approaches to Color Vision p. 395
 Wiring of Receptive Fields and Functional Maps in Primary Visual Cortex p. 409
 Encoding and Decoding with Neural Populations in the Primate Cortex p. 419
 Perceptual Filling-in p. 435
 From Experimental Data to Neural Network Modeling
 Neural Transformation of Object Information by Ventral Pathway Visual Cortex p. 455
 The Cognitive and Neural Development of Face Recognition in Humans p. 467
 Roles of Visual Area MT in Depth Perception p. 483
 Multisensory Integration for Heading Perception in Macaque Visual Cortex p. 499
 Visual Stability During Saccadic Eye Movements p. 511
 Optimal Estimation in Sensory Systems p. 525
 Motor Systems
 Introduction p. 539
 Neurobiology of Coordinate Transformations p. 541
 Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Circuits with the Cerebral Cortex p. 553
 The Basal Ganglia and Cognition p. 565
 Computational Neuroanatomy of Voluntary Motor Control p. 587
 Forward Models and State Estimation in Posterior Parietal Cortex p. 599
 Parallels Between Sensory and Motor Information Processing p. 613
 The Mirror Neuron System p. 625
 A Motor-Based Mechanism for Action and Intention Understanding
 Relative Hierarchies and the Representation of Action p. 641
 Memory
 Introduction p. 655
 Comparative Analysis of the Cortical Afferents, Intrinsic Projections, and Interconnections of the Parahippocampal Region in Monkeys and Rats p. 659
 Medial Temporal Lobe function and Human Memory p. 675
 Reconsolidation p. 691
 A Possible Bridge between Cognitive and Neuroscientific Views of Memory
 The Dynamic Interplay between Cognitive Control and Memory p. 705
 Phases of Influence p. 725
 How Emotion Modulates the Formation and Retrieval of Declarative Memories
 Individual Differences in the Engagement of the Cortex during an Episodic Memory Task p. 739
 Constructive Memory and the Simulation of Future Events p. 751
 Language
 Introduction p. 765
 The Cortical Organization of Phonological Processing p. 767
 Morphological Processes in Language Production p. 777
 Ventral and Dorsal Contributions to Word Reading p. 789
 The Neural Basis of Syntactic Processing p. 805
 Semantic Unification p. 819
 Early Language Acquisition p. 837
 Neural Substrates and Theoretical Models
 Genetics of Language p. 855
 The Biology and Evolution of Language p. 873
 ?eep Homology?and the Evolution of Innovation
 The Emotional and Social Brain
 Introduction p. 887
 Ontogeny of Infant Fear Learning and the Amygdala p. 889
 Emotional Reaction p. 905
 From Threat Processing to Goal-Directed behavior
 Interactions of Emotion p. 925
 Context Effects and the Amygdala p. 935
 Neurogenetic Studies of Variability in Human Emotion p. 945
 Components of a Social Brain p. 953
 The Neural Basis of Emotion Regulation p. 961
 Making Emotion Work for You and Not Against You
 Sharing the Emotions of Others: The Neural Bases of Empathy p. 973
 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment p. 987
 Higher Cognitive Functions
 Introduction p. 1003
 Prefrontal Substrate of Human Relational Reasoning p. 1005
 Decision Making and Prefrontal Executive Function p. 1019
 Circuits in Mind: The Neural Foundations for Object Concepts p. 1031
 Semantic Cognition p. 1047
 Its Nature, Its Development, and Its Neural Basis
 Two Views of Brain Function p. 1067
 The Neuroeconomics of Simple Goal-Directed Choice (Circa 2008) p. 1075
 Neuroeconomics p. 1085
 Emotion p. 1093
 Consciousness
 Introduction p. 1107
 Comparing the Major Theories of Consciousness p. 1111
 Recovery of Consciousness after Brain Injury p. 1123
 An Integrative Research Paradigm for the Cognitive Neuroscience of Consciousness
 The Neurobiology of Consciousness p. 1137
 Visual Awareness p. 1151
 The Role of Feedback in Visual Attention and Awareness p. 1165
 Emotion and Consciousness p. 1181
 Volition p. 1191
 Toward a Theory of Consciousness p. 1201
 Perspectives
 Mapping Cognitive Neuroscience p. 1221
 Two-Dimensional Perspectives on Twenty Years of Cognitive Neuroscience Research
 Reflections on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Language p. 1235
 Why the Imagery Debate Won? Go Away p. 1241
 Looking Toward the Future p. 1247
 Perspectives on Examining the Architecture and Function of the Human Brain as a Complex System
 The Landscape of Cognitive Neuroscience p. 1255
 Challenges, Rewards, and New Perspectives
 Contributors p. 1263
 Index p. 1269