This book is a comprehensive introduction to the study of language contact and its outcomes, as well as the social and linguistic factors involved. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics examines a wide range of language contact phenomena from both general linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. It provides an account of current approaches to all of the major types of contact-induced change. Each chapter describes both the linguistic and social aspects of the contact situation and how they affect the outcome. There is also discussion of the general processes and principles that are at work in cases of contact. The book treats all of these diverse contact phenomena in a unified empirical and theoretical framework within which both the outcomes and the processes and principles at work in each case can be identified and compared.

Series Editor's Preface xv
 Acknowledgments xvi
 Introduction: The Field of Contact Linguistics 1(28)
 The Subject Matter of Contact Linguistics 1(5)
 History of Research on Language Contact 6(3)
 The Field of Contact Linguistics 9(2)
 Types of Contact Situation 11(11)
 Language maintenance 11(4)
 Language shift 15(3)
 Language creation: new contact languages 18(4)
 Overview of Contact Situations and their Outcomes 22(2)
 The Social Contexts of Language Contact 24(5)
 Language contact in its social settings 25(4)
 Language Maintenance and Lexical Borrowing 29(32)
 Introduction 29(1)
 ``Casual'' Contact and Lexical Borrowing 30(3)
 English influence on the Japanese lexicon 31(2)
 Contact in Settings Involving ``Unequal'' Bilingualism 33(4)
 French influence on the lexicon of Middle English 34(2)
 Chinese influence on the Japanese lexicon 36(1)
 Lexical Borrowing in Equal Bilingual Situations 37(1)
 Social Motivations for Lexical Borrowing 37(5)
 The Processes and Products of Lexical Borrowing 42(4)
 The Integration of Loanwords 46(5)
 Phonological integration of loanwords 46(2)
 Morphological integration of loanwords 48(3)
 Linguistic Constraints on Lexical Borrowing 51(2)
 Structural Consequences of Lexical Borrowing 53(6)
 Impact of lexical borrowing on phonology 54(2)
 Impact of lexical borrowing on morphology 56(2)
 Impact of lexical borrowing on the lexicon 58(1)
 Summary 59(2)
 Structural Diffusion in Situations of Language Maintenance 61(40)
 Introduction 61(2)
 Is there Direct Borrowing of Structural Features? 63(1)
 Factors Affecting Structural Convergence 64(1)
 Structural Convergence in Stable Bilingual Situations 65(5)
 Spanish in LA 66(2)
 A situation of unstable bilingualism: French/English contact on Prince Edward Island 68(2)
 Sprachbunde: Contact Across Contiguous Speech Communities 70(4)
 The Balkan Sprachbund 71(3)
 A Case of Intimate Inter-Community Contact: Arnhem Land 74(5)
 Ritharngu and Ngandi 76(2)
 Nunggubuyu and Warndarang 78(1)
 Factors regulating convergence in Arnhem Land 78(1)
 Heavy to Extreme Structural Diffusion: Borrowing or Substratum Influence? 79(11)
 Old Norse influence on Old English 80(3)
 Situations in level 5 of Thomason and Kaufman's borrowing scale 83(1)
 Convergence in Kupwar 84(2)
 Convergence in Northwest New Britain 86(4)
 The Social Contexts of Structural Convergence 90(1)
 Linguistic Constraints on Structural Diffusion into a Maintained Language 91(6)
 Constraints on borrowing of morphology 91(2)
 Constraints based on congruence 93(1)
 Constraints based on transparency/markedness 94(2)
 Functionally based constraints 96(1)
 Constraints on Syntactic Diffusion 97(2)
 Summary 99(2)
 Code Switching: Social Contexts 101(25)
 Introduction 101(1)
 Defining Code Switching 102(8)
 Code switching versus borrowing 107(1)
 Code switching versus ``interference'' 108(2)
 Social Motivations for Code Switching 110(14)
 Code switching and sociolinguistic domains 110(4)
 Micro-level analysis: code switching and conversation 114(3)
 Toward a theory of the social meaning of conversational code switching 117(2)
 Code switching and Communication Accommodation Theory 119(5)
 Summary 124(2)
 Code Switching: Linguistic Aspects 126(42)
 Introduction 126(1)
 Structural Constraints on Code Switching 126(11)
 Equivalence-based constraints 127(7)
 Government-based approaches to code switching 134(3)
 A Production-Based Model of Code Switching 137(9)
 Hypotheses of the MLF model 139(2)
 Establishing the matrix language 141(5)
 Constraints on Code Switching Within the MLF model 146(8)
 Constraints on switching of system morphemes 146(6)
 Constraints on switching of content morphemes 152(2)
 Constraints on Multi-Word Switches (EL Islands) 154(9)
 The EL Island Trigger Hypothesis 155(3)
 EL islands and the notion of congruence 158(5)
 Further Issues 163(2)
 Summary 165(3)
 Bilingual Mixed Languages 168(40)
 Introduction 168(2)
 Definition and Classification 170(5)
 Media Lengua 175(8)
 Structural characteristics 176(1)
 Adaptation of Spanish items to Quechua structure 177(4)
 Processes of change: the Relexification Hypothesis 181(2)
 Michif 183(10)
 Sociohistorical background 183(1)
 Sources of Michif structure 184(1)
 Phonology 185(1)
 NP structure 186(1)
 VP structure 187(1)
 Syntax of Michif 188(1)
 Convergence and innovation in Michif 189(1)
 Mechanisms and processes in the genesis of Michif 190(3)
 Creations Associated with Language Shift 193(1)
 The Case of Ma'a 193(5)
 Historical background 194(1)
 Structural features 194(2)
 The genesis of Ma'a 196(2)
 The Strange Case of Copper Island Aleut 198(7)
 Sociohistorical background 199(1)
 Structural characteristics of Copper Island Aleut 199(4)
 Processes and constraints in Copper Island Aleut origins 203(2)
 Summary 205(3)
 Sociohistorical background and social motivations 205(1)
 Processes and origins 206(2)
 Second Language Acquisition and Language Shift 208(60)
 An Overview of Individual Second Language Acquisition 208(1)
 Introduction 208(1)
 L1 Influence in SLA 209(8)
 L1 influence on the TL lexicon 211(1)
 L1 influence on L2 phonology 212(1)
 L1 influence on L2 morphology 213(1)
 L1 influence on TL syntax 214(3)
 Simplification in SLA 217(2)
 Internal Developments in L2 Systems 219(1)
 Developmental Stages in SLA 220(3)
 General characteristics of early interlanguage 222(1)
 Strategies and Processes in SLA 223(2)
 Principles and Constraints on SLA 225(10)
 The early stages of SLA: processing and learning principles 225(2)
 Constraints in the elaboration of L2 grammar 227(3)
 Typological universals and SLA 230(1)
 Markedness constraints and L1 influence in SLA 231(2)
 Constraints on transfer 233(1)
 Cognitive principles and IL development 234(1)
 Group Second Language Acquisition or Language Shift 235(1)
 Introduction 235(2)
 Irish English 237(4)
 Substratum influence on Irish English 239(2)
 ``Indigenized'' Englishes and Similar Contact Varieties 241(2)
 Issues in the Study of Language Shift 243(4)
 Processes of formation 243(2)
 Degrees of ``fossilization'' or approximation in group SLA 245(1)
 Colloquial Singapore English: a case of early IL ``fossilization''? 245(2)
 Linguistic Constraints in Language Shift 247(5)
 Constraints on L1 influence 247(1)
 The concept of ``transfer'' in group SLA 248(3)
 Transfer as psycholinguistic process 251(1)
 Non-Structural Factors in Language Shift 252(2)
 Questions of Classification 254(2)
 First Language Attrition and Death 256(1)
 Introduction 256(1)
 External (Social) Factors in Language Death 257(2)
 Macro-level social factors 257(1)
 Stages of language attrition and death 258(1)
 Sociolinguistic factors within the shifting community 259(1)
 The Linguistic Consequences of L1 Attrition 259(4)
 Language decay 261(2)
 Language Attrition in Relation to Other Contact Phenomena 263(1)
 Summary 264(4)
 Pidgins and Pidginization 268(36)
 Introduction: Definitions 268(2)
 Social Contexts of Pidgin Formation 270(3)